Horse Cribbing
Cribbing is a behavioral problem, which sometimes develops in horses with insufficient mental stimulation (i.e. bored horses) and most commonly occurs in horses which spend long periods of time in stalls. Cribbing horses bite objects (such as fencing rails), while pulling backwards on the object and sucking air. It is believed that the horse does this because it causes the release of pleasurable brain chemicals (endorphins). The terms ‘wind sucking’ and ‘crib biting’ are alternative names for cribbing.
Horse cribbing is sometimes mistaken for ‘wood chewing’, which is a different behavioral problem. In wood chewing the horse nibbles on wood to occupy itself whereas in cribbing the horse sucks in air to trigger the release of endorphin brain chemicals. Both damage wood, but the physical activity and the purpose are completely different. If you watch your horse or examine the damaged wood carefully, it should be clear which of these two problems your horse has.
The cribbing habit should be treated and cured promptly, partly to minimize the health effects, but also because the longer the habit continues the more difficult it is to correct. If not corrected, it will result in the teeth being worn down and damaged, resulting in dental issues. It also results in abnormal muscle growth in the neck, including thickening of the neck, a problem for show horses as well as any health problems. A number of illnesses, in particular colic, have been associated with cribbing since horses which crib are more likely to get colic. However, more recent research indicates that cribbing does not in fact cause colic; it is simply that horses that are confined for long periods to their boxes and have an unnatural diet are more likely to develop both colic and cribbing as a result.
As cribbing is mainly due to boredom, the primary treatment is to make the horse’s environment more interesting. Replacing stall time by as much pasture time as possible is generally very effective in reducing the amount of cribbing. Feeding it many small meals rather than one or two large meals per day, and feeding it chewy food such as pasture grass or hay instead of grain, are both very helpful. Any other activities which provide interest, such as exercise and grooming, also make a positive contribution.
The above actions are normally quite successful in reducing the amount of cribbing. Unfortunately, once the habit is established, merely providing a good environment will not in itself cure the habit. One also needs to take steps to physically prevent cribbing. There are a number of options here; none of them are successful with every horse so you may need to try different ones until you find one that works with your horse and situation.
A common treatment is the ‘cribbing strap’ which is a strap that fits around the neck with a metal plate underneath to making swelling the neck to suck air uncomfortable; this device is also known as a cribbing collar. One can also use a specially-designer muzzle which allows the horse to eat but prevents it grasping fence rails or other objects with its teeth. Putting a fencing wire (with electrical current) on top of fence rails will also keep the horse from cribbing on them. There are also a number of paints which are designed to have a foul taste which one can paint rails and other objects with to discourage cribbing on them (make sure that any product you use is veterinary approved). Some people find that anti-depressant medication helps. If none of the above techniques work, the final approach is surgical, consisting of cutting certain neck muscles and nerves and thereby preventing the cribbing activity.
One should do both activities, remove the cause of the behavior by providing more mental stimulation for the horse and also use one or more of the above techniques to discourage the behavior. Addressing the cause but not the behavior is normally only partly successful. Alternatively, stopping the behavior (e.g. with a cribbing strap) without fixing the root cause of intense boredom may simply result in the horse developing alternative behavioral problems.
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